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Cloud X (owned by Cloud Provider X) provides Physical Server A which hosts Virtual Servers A and B. Virtual Server B hosts Ready-Made Environments A and B. Cloud Service Consumer A uses Virtual Server A as part of an IaaS leasing agreement in which Cloud Consumer A is charged a fixed monthly fee for unlimited access. Cloud Service Consumers B and C use Ready-Made Environments A and B respectively as part of a PaaS leasing agreement based on per-minute usage fees. In both cases, access is monitored via Pay-For-Use Monitor A, which keeps track of log-in and log-out times in order to calculate the usage charges that are billed to Cloud Consumers B and C.
Virtual Server A begins generating a series of exceptions. Soon thereafter, Virtual Server B becomes destabilized, resulting in further exceptions being raised in Ready-Made Environments A and B. Cloud Service Consumers B and C receive a series of error messages until both of their connections are dropped Finally, Physical Server A shuts down completely. A subsequent investigation reveals that Virtual Server A was the victim of a security attack performed by a malicious cloud service consumer, the attacker generated increased loads of external communication requests on Virtual Server A and the underlying network, causing Physical Server A (along with Virtual Server B) to eventually shut down.

Which of the following statements accurately identifies the type of security threat that corresponds to the described attack - and -provides a solution that can directly mitigate this type of security threat within Cloud X?

• A. Virtual Server A was subjected to an insufficient authorization attack that can be mitigated by implementing the single sign-on mechanism.
• B. Virtual Server A was subjected to an insufficient authorization attack that can be mitigated by implementing the digital signature and hardened virtual server image mechanisms.
• C. Virtual Server A was subjected to a denial of service attack that can be mitigated by implementing the encryption and digital signature mechanisms.
• D. Virtual Server A was subjected to a denial of service attack that can be mitigated by implementing the hardened virtual server image and identity and access management mechanisms.

The cloud service owner of Cloud Service A is evaluating Clouds X, Y and Z to determine which cloud environment can offer the greatest level of reliability. All three clouds are geographically dispersed across three separate time zones. As a result, each cloud experiences usage peaks at different times. Based on the metrics provided, the greater the usage of a cloud, the lower its reliability. When the cloud service owner complains to Cloud Provider A (the owner of all three clouds) that none of the clouds provide an adequate level of reliability, Cloud Provider A suggests a solution that increases resiliency.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a solution that can be used to fulfill the resiliency requirements of Cloud Service A?

• A. A cloud balancing solution is established, whereby a resource replication mechanism is implemented on each cloud. This allows Cloud Service A to be automatically replicated across cloud environments, thereby enabling each implementation of Cloud Service A to take the place of another, whenever failure conditions occur.
• B. Redundant implementations of Cloud Service A are deployed in all three clouds. The failover system mechanism and a special type of automated scaling listener mechanism are implemented to establish a system whereby one redundant Cloud Service A implementation will automatically take over from another.
• C. A failover system mechanism is implemented on Cloud X, which acts as the primary point of contact for cloud serviceconsumers. Upon failure conditions occurring, the Cloud Service A implementation on Cloud X automatically hands over control of current and future message requests from cloud service consumers to Cloud Y. Cloud Y retains control of cloud serviceconsumer communication until the next failure condition occurs, at which point it hands over control to Cloud Z. Finally, if a failure condition occurs in Cloud Z. control is handed back to Cloud X.
• D. A cloud balancing solution is established, whereby an automated scaling listener mechanism is implemented on each cloud in such a way that every cloud can automatically scale out to another cloud. As a result, if reliability problems occur on any one cloud, the subsequent requests will be scaled out to another cloud in a manner that is transparent to cloud service consumers.

Cloud Service A is being made available on public Cloud X by Cloud Provider X via the SaaS delivery model. Cloud Service A is hosted by Physical Server A that also hosts cloud services being used by different cloud service consumers (and owned by different cloud service owners).
Cloud Provider X needs to make Cloud Service A available to a new group of cloud service consumers, but must do so without the increase in usage volume affecting Cloud Service Consumers A and B.

Which of the following statements does not accurately describe a solution (or a set of solutions) that addresses this requirement?

• A. Cloud Provider X can upgrade its infrastructure to increase the cloud's ubiquitous access characteristic. This will enable the cloud to provide distributed failover for IT resources across multiple devices in order to increase its ubiquitous resiliency. To achieve this, Cloud Provider X will further need to implement the failover system, state management database and resource replication mechanisms.
• B. Cloud Provider X can scale out Cloud Service A by implementing new cloud computing mechanisms, such as the virtual server and resource replication mechanisms, which can enhance the cloud's elasticity characteristic.
• C. Cloud Provider X can upgrade its infrastructure by increasing its ability to horizontally scale IT resources that are used by Cloud Service A. Cloud Provider X can upgrade its infrastructure in order to vertically scale IT resources that are used by Cloud Service A.
• D. Cloud Provider X can scale up Cloud Service A by upgrading the Physical Server A hardware to increase the server'sprocessing power. Cloud Provider X can scale out Cloud Service A by adding redundant implementations of the service and by using the automated scaling listener mechanism.